The range of its diet includes shoe leather and fruit and it is especially at home near the suburbs. One, the coyote-wolf is “one of the animals that will be left at the end, like the cockroaches, raccoons, and rabbits”. Christine Bozarth, a former research fellow at the Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. The National Geographic recently published an article on the wolf’s successor, which is a newcomer to Nature. “In 1974, when the gray wolf became one of the first species listed under the 1973 Endangered Species Act, it was found in the wild only in extreme northeastern Minnesota where a few hundred wolves remained and on Isle Royal, Michigan where there were a small number left”. The wolf was blamed for livestock deaths in a different, agricultural age and has still not recovered any of its population toward the East. From the Center for Biological Diversity website, footnoted from US Fish and Wildlife, the story is told. Historically, the extirpation of the Eastern gray wolf is legendary.
In my own estimation, this sounds more and more like a very clear-cut case of human infringement on Nature coming back to bite us, literally.
According to one article from Canada, they are even known to hunt and kill moose. That might seem odd for a coyote, but these eastern coyote are a new, larger hybrid breed. It even stashes hoards of its victims away for leaner times. The fox in her description is a more “efficient” hunter of these animals, because it focuses almost exclusively on them. They are the natural reservoir of the disease. Four small mammals: the white-footed mouse, the eastern chipmunk, the short-tailed shrew, and the masked shrew, are responsible for infecting 80 – 90% of ticks. The fox will not build dens when the coyotes are around the area. Going back to our hero, the red fox, Rita Capon describes in brief detail the ecosystem that is at play, in Tick Tactic, a summation article in Natural History magazine. The plot sizes in Allan’s study were between. Allan relates in the same article that nymphs are the juvenile stage of the tick (Ixodes) that are thought to be most responsible for infection because they are smaller, harder to detect than adults and their time of activity in the summer is when people are most active in the outdoors. Here quoted: “The five smallest plots supported an average of seven times as many nymphs per square meter as did larger fragments” (Allan 2003). burgdorferi in ticks (from the same Allan article). He cites a large increase in the presence of B. Brownstein (Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Yale University and Department of Pediatrics at Harvard) in Oecologia March 2005 studied the issue of forest fragmentation in the area of Lyme, Connecticut for which the disease is named. Small mammals are a vector that increases Lyme disease incidence (see Levi’s article, and Ostfeld 2006 ). Whether it is coyotes, as Way and White contend in Northeastern Naturalist, or red foxes as Levi suggests that are the better predator of mice, there is a growing body of evidence to support one fact. The reservoir statement is backed up in another interesting article titled Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Lyme Disease Risk, by Allan et al. In 2000, Richard Ostfeld in Conservation Biology wrote: “in North America, the most competent reservoir host for the Lyme disease agent is the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), a species that is widespread and locally abundant”. Its main contention is that the red fox is directly linked to the population of mice, and he stated that the fox is the most efficient predator of small mammals like mice. He wrote an article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, in May 2012. in Environmental Studies from University of California Santa Cruz, and now accepts grad students for the wildlife and fisheries department at Oregon State. He cites two other studies that show, “In particular, as urban development has become increasingly diffuse and dispersed, large and continuous forestlands were removed or divided into smaller, and less connected patches. In an article in 2011, Weiqi Zhou, of the Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis ) explains that forests have been affected first by agriculture and then by urbanization, where they now regrow on vacant lots and old fields.
The concept of urban sprawl can sometimes seem like a bad combination of glib cliché and outdated nineties reasoning.
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